Robert Carr Woods, Sr



Singapore Infopedia

by Sutherland, Duncan

Background

Robert Carr Woods, Senior (b. 31 July 1816, England–d. 16 March 1875, Singapore), popularly known as Robin, was the first editor of The Straits Times. Besides guiding the publication through its difficult early years,1 he also improved the Bukit Timah cemetery, co-founded Singapore’s first law firm, served briefly as a judge, and drove the campaign for the transfer of control of the Straits Settlements from India to London.

Life in England and India
Woods’s earliest known job was making meteorological instruments.2 He joined London’s Meteorological Society, and became its registrar and a member of its council in 1838.3  While his enormous barometer (possibly the world’s largest, containing 70 pounds of mercury) proved unsatisfactory, he devised the first thermometer with a white backing for easier reading at night.4


In 1840, Woods travelled to Bombay (now Mumbai) and worked as a journalist. India fascinated Woods. According to his own accounts, he often travelled incognito within the country to learn more about its people, and was mistaken for a political spy on more than one occasion.5

Woods left Bombay in 1845, purportedly under duress, and moved to Singapore.6

Editor of The Straits Times
Soon after arriving in Singapore, Woods was hired by merchant, Catchick Moses, to head his new venture, The Straits Times, and Singapore Journal of Commerce.7 Prior to this, Singapore’s only other English-language newspaper had been The Singapore Free Press, founded in 1835 by William Napier.8


Feeling highly confident, Woods sought to distinguish The Straits Times, and Singapore Journal of Commerce from the staid The Singapore Free Press by including short stories, jokes, and more importantly, foreign news – made possible by the introduction of a regular steamship service carrying mail shortly before the publication’s launch. However, he was mocked for the jocular tone and flowery prose of the publication’s early issues.9

A year later, Moses gave the unprofitable title to Woods after failing to sell it. Faced with a shortage of subscribers and interesting stories, Woods tried to generate income by using the printing press for other projects. These included Singapore’s first directory, The Straits Times Almanack, Calendar and Directory, which was published in 1846 and contained pages of local listings.10

James Brooke controversy
In 1849, Woods drew the newspaper into its first big political campaign. It was a crusade against James Brooke (Sir), Raja of Sarawak, whom Woods resented over a perceived snub. He charged that Brooke’s bloody suppression of Dayak pirates earlier that year was actually a massacre of peaceful traders. The Singapore Free Press defended Brooke and the controversy boosted the circulation of both papers.11


Woods petitioned London for an inquest in 1851.12 A commission was eventually convened in 1854 and Woods led the attack against Brooke.13 However, the signatories of his petition demanding an enquiry insisted they had been misled and Brooke was exonerated. While Woods made many enemies as a result of the episode, The Straits Times was unaffected.14 It became a daily newspaper from 1858, and Woods successfully sold it in 1860 despite the difficult market.15

Legal career
As journalism paid little, Woods registered himself as a law agent in 1849.16 The position allowed him to perform legal work such as debt collection — his knowledge of local culture giving him an added advantage — without requiring any specific qualifications.17


In 1861, Woods established Singapore’s first law firm, Woods & Davidson, with Scottish advocate James Guthrie Davidson.18 Most of their business initially came from merchant houses located at Boat Quay.19 The establishment prospered and expanded to become one of Singapore’s pre-eminent law firms.20

In 1863, Woods obtained a professional law qualification from Gray’s Inn, under a programme to elevate the status of law agents in the Straits Settlements whom at the time could practise only within the colony.21 

Woods was temporarily attorney general in 1870, and was named senior puisne judge of the Supreme Court in December 1874.22  However, he was ill for much of his short time on the bench and died three months later.23

Community service
Woods was a Mason, a trustee of Raffles Institution and honorary secretary of the Sailors’ Home, which he had helped to establish.24 As honorary secretary of Tan Tock Seng Hospital’s management committee, his effective appeals helped to replenish the hospital’s depleted funds.25


Woods became deputy sheriff in 1850. He was also a municipal commissioner from 1860 to 1861, and then from 1864 to 1873.26

A former member of the Royal Botanical, Woods promoted the planting of roadside trees and worked to beautify sites such as the Esplanade and St Andrew ’s Church.27 He was also responsible for transforming Bukit Timah cemetery, which was situated on a gloomy swampy plain that municipal commissioners had been criticised for purchasing.28 Much of Woods’s spare time was spent improving the drainage and brightening the cemetery with paths, trees and flowers.29 After leaving the Municipal Council, he offered to continue maintaining it when no one volunteered to assume the responsibility.30

Public campaigns
Woods led numerous public campaigns, such as resisting the introduction of the rupee and legalising the dollar as Singapore’s currency.31 He had a series of complaints against the East India Company, which ruled the Straits Settlements, over issues such as the proposed imposition of port dues and income tax, censorship of newspapers, and transportation of convicts to Singapore after the 1857 Indian Mutiny.32


Woods was one of the earliest and most prominent advocates of transferring the Straits Settlements to direct rule by the colonial office. From 1856, Woods and a few allies – including Abraham Logan, his former rival and editor of The Singapore Free Press – lobbied parliament and agitated for the transfer through editorials and public meetings, which gave London officials an inflated impression of the proposal’s support.33 The campaigners achieved the goal when the Straits Settlements became a crown colony in 1867.34

Death
Woods died in 1875 and was buried at the Bukit Timah cemetery.35 His former estate, Woodsville Close, was named after him.36 


Family
Woods married Elizabeth Charles Ismael Khan in 1841.37 One of their sons died in infancy and two became lawyers.38


Woods has been confused with his son Robert Woods, Jr, who also received his qualifications from Gray’s Inn and later practised law in Penang.39 In 1869, Woods, Woods Jr published the first record of local court decisions, known as Woods’ Oriental Cases.40



Author

Duncan Sutherland




References
1. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, pp. 37, 40. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 198–199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Thian, Y. S., Chong, C. C., & Lim, S. (Eds.). (2002). In session: Supreme Court Singapore: The building, her heritage and her people. Singapore: Supreme Court, p. 57. (Call no.: RSING 347.5957035 IN)
2. Symons, G. J. (1881). The history of British meteorological societies, 1823–1880. Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society, VII(88), 65–97, p. 71. Retrieved 2016, November 1 from Internet Archive website: http://www.archive.org/stream/quarterlyjourna19britgoog
3. Silliman, B., & Silliman, B., Jr. (Eds.). (1838, July). Meteorological Society of London. The American Journal of Science and Arts, 34, 400–401, p. 400. (Not available in NLB’s holdings); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
4. Symons, G. J. (1881). The history of British meteorological societies, 1823–1880. Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society, VII(88), 65–97, pp. 71, 78–79. Retrieved 2016, November 1 from Internet Archive website: http://www.archive.org/stream/quarterlyjourna19britgoog; Woods, R. C., Sr. (1839). Directions for making meteorological observations on land or at sea, with some remarks on the subjects of meteorological research. Transactions of the Meteorological Society, I, 1–55, p. 21. Retrieved 2016, November 1 from Internet Archive website: http://www.archive.org/stream/transactionsofme00lond
5. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 40. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 198. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 15. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
6. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, pp. 37, 40. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 15. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
7. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 438. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]); Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 198. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 15. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
8. Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 195. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 16. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
9. Cheong, S.-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, pp. 16, 20. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR); Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 131. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])
10. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 438, 457. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]); Lee, G. B. (1989). Pages from yesteryear: A look at the printed works of Singapore, 1819–1959. Singapore: Singapore Heritage Society, p. 22. (Call no.: RSING 070.5095957 PAG); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, pp. 22–23. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
11. Barley, N. (2003). White Rajah: A biography of Sir James Brooke. London: Abacus, p. 125. (Call no.: RSEA 959.54092 BAR); Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, pp. 41–42. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Saturday, 18th January. (1873, January 30). Straits Times Overland Journal, p. 11. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 27. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 30. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
12. Barley, N. (2003). White Rajah: A biography of Sir James Brooke. London: Abacus, p. 125. (Call no.: RSEA 959.54092 BAR); Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 602. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS])
13. Barley, N. (2003). White Rajah: A biography of Sir James Brooke. London: Abacus, pp.145–146. (Call no.: RSEA 959.54092 BAR); Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 43. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 27. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 29. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
14. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 603–604. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]); Cheong, S.-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 43. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 27. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 29. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
15. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, pp. 334–338, 435–346. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, pp. 32–34. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
16. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, pp. 37–40. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE)
17. Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 195, 198, 201. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); Thian, Y. S., Chong, C. C., & Lim, S. (Eds.). (2002). In session: Supreme Court Singapore: The building, her heritage and her people. Singapore: Supreme Court, p. 57. (Call no.: RSING 347.5957035 IN)
18. Co-founder was the Straits Times’ first editor. (2011, January 22). The Straits Times, p. 12.; James Guthrie Davidson. (1891, February 11). Straits Times Weekly Issue, p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
19. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, pp. 35, 40–41. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS])
20. Dentons. (2017). Timeline. Retrieved 2016, November 2 from Dentons website: http://www.dentons.com/en/whats-different-about-dentons/a-legacy-of-innovation/timeline; Dentons Rodyk & Davidson LLP. (2017). Home. Retrieved 2016, November 2 from Dentons Rodyk website: http://dentons.rodyk.com/; Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 201. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS])
21. Calls to the bar. (1863, June 13). The Jurist – New Series, IX(440), p. 216. (Not available in NLB’s holdings); Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 41. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 198. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Thian, Y. S., Chong, C. C., & Lim, S. (Eds.). (2002). In session: Supreme Court Singapore: The building, her heritage and her people. Singapore: Supreme Court, p. 57. (Call no.: RSING 347.5957035 IN)
22. Thian, Y. S., Chong, C. C., & Lim, S. (Eds.). (2002). In session: Supreme Court Singapore: The building, her heritage and her people. Singapore: Supreme Court, p. 57. (Call no.: RSING 347.5957035 IN); Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 27. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS])
23. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Monday, 22nd February. (1875, February 27). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Thian, Y. S., Chong, C. C., & Lim, S. (Eds.). (2002). In session: Supreme Court Singapore: The building, her heritage and her people. Singapore: Supreme Court, p. 57. (Call no.: RSING 347.5957035 IN); Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 27. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])
24. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 40. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, pp. 27, 131, 337, 345–347, 373, 379. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])
25. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 411. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); Tock Seng Hospital. (1864, May 7). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG ; Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, pp. 27, 131, 337, 345–347, 373, 379. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])
26. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, pp. 37, 43. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Jarman, R. L. (Ed.). (1998). Annual reports of the Straits Settlements 1855–1941 (Vol. 1). Slough, UK: Archive Editions, p. 273. (Call no.: RSING 959.51 STR-[AR]); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); Straits Settlements. (1873, May 31). Straits Times Overland Journal, p. 6; The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
27. Savage, V. R., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2004). Toponymics: A study of Singapore street names. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, pp. 408–409. (Call no.: RSING 915.9570014 SAV-[TRA]); The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
28. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 718–719. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS]); The cemetery. (1873, June 30). Straits Times Overland Journal, p. 2; The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
29. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 719. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS])
30. The cemetery. (1873, June 30). Straits Times Overland Journal, p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
31. The late Mr. Justice Woods. (1875, March 22). Straits Observer (Singapore), p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, pp. 326, 334–338, 345–347. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 31. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
32. Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 668, 680. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, pp. 326, 334–338, 345–347. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, pp. 15, 31–32. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
33. Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, pp. 336–337, 345–349, 373, 379. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, p. 31. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR); Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 755, 768–769, 772–773. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 BUC-[HIS])
34. Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian presidency to crown colony. London: Athlone Press, p. 377. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times. Singapore: Times Editions, pp. 31, 37. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 TUR)
35. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 1). Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE-[HIS])
36. Savage, V. R., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2004). Toponymics: A study of Singapore street names. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, pp. 408–409. (Call no.: RSING 915.9570014 SAV-[TRA])
37. Marriages. (1841, September–December). The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and foreign India, China and Australasia (New series), XXXVI, p. 392. (Not available in NLB’s holdings)
38. Cheong, S-W. (2011). Rodyk: 150 years. Singapore: Straits Times Press, p. 37. (Call no.: RSING 338.761340095957 CHE); Deaths. (1846, October 8). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1835–1869), p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
39. Woods, R. C., Jr. (1869). A selection of Oriental cases decided in the supreme courts of the Straits’ Settlements (front matter, section “Advocates and Attornies. 1869.”). Retrieved 2016, November 1 from Internet Archive website: https://archive.org/details/cu31924103378935
40. Woods, R. C., Jr. (1869). A selection of Oriental cases decided in the supreme courts of the Straits’ Settlements. Retrieved 2016, November 1 from Internet Archive website: https://archive.org/details/cu31924103378935



The information in this article is valid as at 9 October 2012 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.


 

Rights Statement

The information on this page and any images that appear here may be used for private research and study purposes only. They may not be copied, altered or amended in any way without first gaining the permission of the copyright holder.