John Fearns Nicoll

Background

John Fearns Nicoll (Sir) (b. 1899¹–d. 12 January 1981, Scio House, Putney, United Kingdom)² was the British colonial governor of Singapore from 1952 to 1955. During his tenure, Singapore took steps towards self-government with the establishment of the Rendel Constitution and the legislative assembly in 1955.³

Education and career
Nicoll was educated at Carlisle Grammar School, followed by the Pembroke College in Oxford.⁴

Nicoll began his career in the colonial service in 1921 as a cadet in British North Borneo. He was promoted to deputy colonial secretary in Trinidad in 1937, and became colonial secretary in Fiji in 1944. From 1949 to 1952, he was officer administering the government and colonial secretary of Hong Kong.⁵

Career in Singapore
Nicoll succeeded Franklin Gimson (Sir) as governor of Singapore in 1952, amid growing clamour for independence.⁶ In the following year, the Singapore Progressive Party (SPP), the pre-eminent party in the legislative council, announced a 10-year target for achieving self-governance, which was to be followed by full independence through merger with the Federation of Malaya.⁷ The SPP also proposed changes to the legislative council.⁸

During this time, the British perceived a lack of interest in politics among the general public in Singapore, which they considered to be a serious impediment to the development of a viable, democratic government.⁹ Nicoll also recognised that the existing constitution of 1948 did not satisfy the Chinese community in Singapore. Thus, more needed to be done to stimulate interest in politics and encourage wider political participation. In July 1953, Nicoll announced to the legislative council his intention to convene a commission, chaired by George Rendel (Sir), to undertake a comprehensive review of the constitution of the Colony of Singapore, including the relationship between the government and the city council.¹⁰

The Rendel Commission convened in November 1953 and published its recommendations in a report in February 1954.¹¹ Under the newly proposed Rendel Constitution, as it came to be called, Singapore would have a 32-member legislative assembly, with 25 elected representatives, three ex-officio members and four nominated members. There would be a cabinet of six elected ministers and three colonial officials, to be presided over by the governor.¹² This cabinet would be the chief policy making body in all matters except external affairs, internal security and defence, with the governor holding a veto over legislation. Under the Rendel Constitution, voters would also be registered automatically, and according to geographical constituencies rather than race.¹³

For the elections held in 1955 under the Rendel Constitution, Nicoll favoured the SPP. He saw the party as a reliable team that could undertake the transition to self-governance in a stable and orderly manner, without massive disruption to the economy.¹⁴ However, the new Labour Front emerged as the winner with 10 seats, while the SPP won four.¹⁵

The Labour Front went on to form a coalition government with the UMNO-MCA alliance. To shore up the new coalition, Nicoll named two Labour Front executives into the legislative assembly. Labour Front leader David Marshall became the first chief minister of Singapore, besides also being the minister of commerce and industry.¹⁶

Tensions with Marshall
The relationship between Nicoll and Marshall was already tense before Marshall became chief minister.¹⁷ Nicoll consulted Marshall’s opinion on how to deal with the increasing unrest among the Chinese school students, but eventually came to see Marshall’s anti-colonialist rhetoric as destabilising for Singapore. Published in late 1954, Marshall’s anti-colonial manifesto, I Believe, angered Nicoll. The governor then called a meeting with Marshall, during which Marshall received a dressing-down.¹⁸

The relationship between Nicoll and Marshall did not improve after the latter became chief minister.¹⁹ To emphasise his anti-colonial stance, the new chief minister wore an informal bush jacket to his first official meeting with Nicoll, which created an uproar in the press.²⁰ Marshall’s reluctance to crack down on militant unionists and communists after the Hock Lee bus riots in May 1955 further dismayed the British authorities.²¹

Nicoll viewed Marshall as a headstrong, emotional and flamboyant character. Nicoll, on the other hand, was considered by some as being stiff and formal in his manner, and unconciliatory when handling official matters, thus giving the impression that he was uncooperative in his dealings with the new chief minister.²² At the heart of the conflict, however, was differing expectations. While both men wanted a transition towards self-government, Nicoll desired a gradual, stable transition of power, but Marshall wanted a quicker pace of change. In addition, Nicoll shared the general view held by colonial officials that the chief minister was merely “the senior of a number of ministers”, and that Marshall was firstly minister of commerce and industry.²³ Marshall, however, expected the executive powers of a prime minister.²⁴

Public unrest
During his term, Nicoll had to deal with a number of public unrest issues. In 1954, students from Chinese schools protested against the British’s plans to draft them for limited national service.²⁵ The following year, the Hock Lee bus riots claimed four lives and left 31 injured.²⁶

Legacy
As a public servant, Nicoll was efficient, forceful and determined to get things going.²⁷ He was proud of colonialism’s achievements in Singapore. Despite his public image of being unsympathetic towards nationalist aspirations, Nicoll genuinely wanted self-government for Singapore, albeit on British terms and timeline.²⁸

Nicoll had the Government House (now The Istana) rebuilt for the new legislative assembly. He also installed a private lift that went straight up to the governor’s office so that ministers could visit and consult him on a regular basis. He was very proud of this new addition, but none of the ministers had used the lift during his tenure.²⁹

Nicoll promoted post-war restoration work on many public buildings and facilities. Nicoll Highway was named after him.³⁰

Nicoll left Singapore in June 1955, and his position as governor of Singapore was succeeded by Robert Black (Sir).³¹



Author
Alvin Chua



References
1. A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, A Biographical Dictionary of the British Colonial Service, 1936–1966 (London: Zell, 1991), 267 (Call no. RSING 325.341092 KIR); Tommy Koh et al. eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia (Singapore: Editions Didier Millet in association with the National Heritage Board, 2006), 383 (Call no. RSING 959.57003 SIN-[HIS]); “Mr. J. F. Nicoll – Governor Designate of Singapore,” Indian Daily Mail, 21 January 1952, 4. (From NewspaperSG)
2. Koh, eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia, 383; “John Fearns Nicoll,” The London Gazette (1981, January 23)
3. Chan Heng Chee, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2008), 76 (Call no. RSING 324.2092 CHA); Koh, eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia, 383; Kevin Y. L. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008), 215. (Call no. RSING 959.5705092 TAN-[HIS])
4. Kirk-Greene, A Biographical Dictionary of the British Colonial Service, 1936–1966, 267; “Mr. J. F. Nicoll – Governor Designate of Singapore,” Indian Daily Mail, 21 January 1952, 4. (From NewspaperSG)
5. Justin Corfield and Robin Corfield, “Governors and Residents,” in Encyclopedia of Singapore (Singapore: Talisman Pub., 2006), 92 (Call no. RSING 959.57003 COR-[HIS]); Kirk-Greene, A Biographical Dictionary of the British Colonial Service, 1936–1966, 267; “Mr. J. F. Nicoll – Governor Designate of Singapore.”
6. Corfield and Corfield, “Governors and Residents,” 92; Kirk-Greene, A Biographical Dictionary of the British Colonial Service, 1936–1966, 267; Koh, eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia, 383; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 215.
7. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 215; Yeo Kim Wah, Political Development in Singapore, 1945–55 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973), 100 (Call no. RSING 320.95957 YEO); John Drysdale, Singapore: Struggle for Success (Singapore: Times Books International, 1984), 39 (Call no. RSING 959.57 DRY-[HIS]); C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819–1975 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1977, 235–36. (Call no. RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])
8. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 215; Yeo, Political Development in Singapore, 1945–55, 100; Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819–1975, 240, 242; Ernest Chin Tiong Chew and Edwin Lee, eds., A History of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991), 126. (Call no. RSING 959.57 HIS-[HIS])
9. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 75; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 215; Drysdale, Singapore: Struggle for Success, 38–39. (Call no. RSING 959.57 DRY-[HIS])
10. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 75–76; Koh, eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia, 383; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 215; “Inquiry into Singapore Constitution,” Singapore Free Press, 21 July 1953, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
11. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 76; “Inaugural Session Open to Public,” Singapore Standard, 5 November 1953, 5; “Rendel Report Is Signed,” Singapore Standard, 23 February 1954, 2. (From NewspaperSG)
12. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 216; Report of the Constitutional Commission, Singapore (Singapore: Printed at the Govt. Print. Off., 1954) (From BookSG); “The Complete Report of the Rendel Commission,” Singapore Standard, 25 February 1954, 6. (From NewspaperSG)
13. C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819–2005 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 2009), 244 (Call no. RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS]); “The Complete Report of the Rendel Commission.”
14. Koh, eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia, 383; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 215.
15. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 241; “Labour Wins – Marshall Will Be Chief Minister,” Straits Times, 3 April 1955, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
16. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 241, 243–44; “The Coalition Cabinet,” Singapore Standard, 7 April 1955, 1; “Two Front Men Picked for Nominated Seats,” Singapore Standard, 7 April 1955, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
17. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 246.
18. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 83, 87; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 226, 229–31, 364.
19. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 246.
20. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 100; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 246–47.
21. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 275.
22. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 111; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 246.
23. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 249–51, 362–63.
24. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 111; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 249–50.
25. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 227, 257–58, 273; “Dodgers Condemned,” Singapore Standard, 6 June 1954, 1; “800 on Hunger Strike,” Singapore Standard, 16 June 1954, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
26. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, p. 273; “The Hock Lee Bus Riots,” Straits Times, 16 September 1996, 32. (From NewspaperSG)
27. Chan, A Sensation of Independence: David Marshall, A Political Biography, 111. 28. Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 246, 362.
29. “The Past and the Present,” Straits Times, 12 May 1988, 20; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 363.
30. Corfield and Corfield, “Governors and Residents,” 92; Koh, eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia, 383.
31. Corfield and Corfield, “Governors and Residents,” 92; Tan, Marshall of Singapore: A Biography, 281.



The information in this article is valid as at 2010 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.