The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 1 February 1916
1916-02-01
1
10
https://www.nlb.gov.sg
https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/browse/singfreepressb
The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942)
-
Title Section15 1916-02-01 1 Singapore Free Press AND MERCANTILE ADVERTISER. rEN CENTS SINGARQKE, TUESDAY, FEBEUAEY 1, 1916, NO. 8,66515 words
-
Article154 1916-02-01 1 President Wilson is now quite disposed to prepare the United States for all emergencies and to teach the young to bear arms Page 5. Details of the Zeppelin raid on Paris are telegraphed out Page 5. The report of the ludragiri meeting will be found on page154 words
-
Article1881 1916-02-01 1 It is not nece-r:.r\, when you are thinking of jdur fno ds in be fraud Fl*>e»,to> picture them as continually staring w lib strained vision iu'o mitst*. of the N uili Sea True, there i* always 60ii)coott doing it, but no one ie doing it Jiluayu.Times special corrpspoudent - 1,881 words
-
Page 1 Advertisements
-
Advertisement228 1916-02-01 1 RAFFLES HOTEL Cinema Show AFTPD niNMFD i-ir IJLK Uliifi£itC I i Eau de Cologne i'£j f||| germicidal value of pure carbolic acid. pZff* *t*^iw&(. a;ld refreshing and a wonderful reviver t* ;i^''^^Sra after exercise, fatigue, or attacks of languor. Ttle teSt f a gOOd EaU de Colo^ ne is to228 words
-
Advertisement10 1916-02-01 1 For Cuisine AND n i i a HOTEL, KUALA LUMPUR.10 words
-
Advertisement171 1916-02-01 1 LATEST ADVERTI SEMENTS. j Caing Kcng Lee sell unredeemed pledges Ptye 2. li'iau u otor cycle and side car for sale P»ce 8. House near town to be let Page 2. Pdjatn declares a dividend of 20 per cent Page 3. Teachers wanted for a school out of Singapore Page171 words
-
-
Page 1 Miscellaneous
-
Miscellaneous141 1916-02-01 1 THE WEEK. Tuesday Feb Ist. H*gh Water -T-hg a.m.. '0 8 p.ax. 8.1 outward mail expected. M.M. outward mail expected. Chapter St. George Installation 9. 1S pm. Wednesday 2nd. Wlgi- w ;-Qt- H 39 s.-n. l r -47 pm. Purification -Candlemas. Thursday 3rd. High Water— S-^6 a.m., 11-?0 p m.141 words
-
-
Article45 1916-02-01 2 The lode that h»s been discovered on ihe property of tbe Kledang Tin Mining <Ton)pany. Ltd in on what is kuown as <1 ulaud a block. Tbe Directors consider Ita second H'niig to KVd mg's bow to use tbe phraseology of Mr Hun j Kcb,45 words
-
Page 2 Advertisements
-
Advertisement490 1916-02-01 2 THE ROBINSON PIANO COMPANY, LIMITED. (Incorporated in Hongkong). I j OF British Pianos FRENCH PIANOS Italian Pianos j Wanted WANTED Fin- a schcol out of Bingappre, one gcntleniau and ore lady teacher also a workmistress, and a secretary. Apply Box No. 125. c/o Fiee Press. 1-2 3-2 LADY'S COMPANION WANTED490 words
-
Advertisement585 1916-02-01 2 PALLADIUM SINGAPORE'S PREMIER THEATRE ORCHARD ROAD SINGAPORE'S PREMIER THEATRE The ONLY THEATBE Containing PRIVATE BOXES— Most COMFORTABLE CIRCLE- and undoubtedly THE COOLEST HALL IN SINGAPORE. Programmes specially selected to suit all, Here's one— ALL TRUMPS. A REAL NAP HAND. THE KNAVE (2 NIGHTS ONLY) (2 NIGHTS ONLY) llr I j585 words
-
Advertisement637 1916-02-01 2 ANOTHER RECORD PROGRAMME TONIGHT AT THE IDEAL PICTURE THEATRE CINEMA CASINO BY THE S EA OrF BEACH ROAD. SECOND SHOW 9.15 P.M. SHARP THANHOUSER SPECIAL FEATURE VITAQRAPH SPECIAL FEA"UrV" JESS His Un^wn Girl A WAR DRAMA IN 2 PARTS From the Novel by H. RIDER HAG- BY CAPTAIN HARRY LAMBART637 words
-
-
Article1418 1916-02-01 3 A VBAB OF GOOD PROGRESS. annual general meeting of the traftiri Ktibber and Gutta* ■Mlfhs <^ o. Ltd., was held yesterday at Mgfcteved otlicers, French Hank BuildPgg, The chairman of directors (Mr I>. C. I i C'lornkamp) presided, and there ~> present Mr Tan Kheam flock ,r Major1,418 words
-
Article89 1916-02-01 3 Information bap been received that all males in Syria, between 18 and 60, have been called to the colours. The Vali i Porkibb Governor) of Beirut has ordered 10 Syrian leaders to be hangiJ and 29 others are awaiting execution. Djemal P*Bba, th* 1 Turkish commHnder. maintains an attitude ol89 words
-
295 1916-02-01 3 i A NEW DISCOVERY. Thin men and women that big, hearty, tilling dinner you ate last night. What became of all the fat -producing nourishment it contained You haven't gained in weight one ounce. That food passed from your body like unburned coal295 words
-
Page 3 Advertisements
-
Advertisement1447 1916-02-01 3 Notices NOTIQE. Messrs Fraser Neave's Aerated Water Fact jry will be closed on Thursday and i Friday (Feb. 3rd and 4th)— Chinese New Year holidays. 31-1 1-2 CONSULATE-GENERAL FOR THE NETHERLANDS. T~e following farms of the Government of th-> East coast of Sumatra will be relec for one and for1,447 words
-
Advertisement705 1916-02-01 3 Notices PAJAM, LIMITED DECLARATION OF INTERIM DiVtOEMD A NOTICE OFCLCSINGOFTRANSFER BOOKS. NOTICE IS BElfcBY GIVEN (hat First lutcii^u Dividend of 20% has hvcu declared b> the Li i eel m, p»yaJe on ihe 12dfc 1 February, 1916, on aco >unt. i f the year eud ng 30th S^ptPmb^r, <9 6.705 words
-
-
Article, Illustration1805 1916-02-01 4 The Singapore Free Press. Tuesday, February 1, 1916. Vcrr <na\\ the Pr*vs thr People's rl^ht maiiUll, «jtm»»ed t>v Influence an'' apbribed by taint He:- patriot Trntb her glorioos prsceptl dr»W» tn R iiiiioa. Lcyalty and Law. In a Colony like this whose whole productive and commercial existence is dependent on1,805 words
-
Article367 1916-02-01 4 The Hon. Mr Robert Young and Mrs Young, of Penang, are going Home en holiday shortly. The Band of Hope will meet ne usual in the Y. M. C. A. Hall at 4 SO p.m. on Feb. 2nd, Wednesday any one wishing to join will be welcome. Mr John P.367 words
-
Article372 1916-02-01 4 DESTRUCTIVE HIGH FLIER. People Undisturbed. fB? Submarine Cab I*l. HiUTiit'fc. Sbuvu,-*. Paris, Jan. K). The Zeppelin thr. i thirteen bombs. Nine houses wen wrecked seven persons killed mMI twenty-two injured. There were many victims, fiftee,". if one point; a man, three women, and twc children were killed372 words
-
Article80 1916-02-01 4 Petrograd, Jan. 81. —M. Sa/onoiT ii3 I statement to pressmen said be was con vinced that the Rumanians would not fa! into the German trap, since Germany onh promised what belonged to others. ML Sa/.onoff confirmed the Austro Gerniar: attempts to secure a separate peace and added they80 words
-
Article339 1916-02-01 4 By Courtesy of thi; Fkim h C\ Gknkhai., Paris, Jan. 2H. The French three per cent bonds are at {ranch til, and l\.< n per cent at 7n.4u. Yesterday, we damaged the Germu trenches in Belgian, in the region el river Aisue, and in Champngu<- 'in jwe339 words
-
Page 4 Advertisements
-
Advertisement118 1916-02-01 4 GALDBEGK, MAGGREGOR Co. FOR THE WELL-KNOWN COATES' PLYMOUTH GIN. LUX LAMPS I LIGHT THE WORLD I %^I NEW STOCKS I §mji*£sY*'- J 788 Lux lnverolla a self ton- r X^^^^y tained Incandescent Kerosene Oil J l fi» s^> i i]^Bi Lamp, with Inverted Mantle for *^^s»-) In-door or Ont-door lighting.118 words
-
-
Article171 1916-02-01 5 ITALY'S EFFORT REVIEWED. Proud Resolves. fßt Submarine Cable]. Home, .1 in :5Q. An Official rosnme of th" Italian operations says the Italians huve acquired rich and populous region Treutino, have prevented an Austrian invasion of Venetia and cut the imI r- u<t Austrian strategical road in the iHai171 words
-
Article155 1916-02-01 5 What the Germans Suffered. i vtrogrtid, .Inn. MO.— Recently taken ■ritoaan eoaAm the buffering of the QanMUM in the Pin*k marshes. A rapid t.nw re U j :ised vast quantities of subter rin-in wafer which wrecked all the eueir.v works as though they had been led.155 words
-
Article192 1916-02-01 5 Heavy Bombardments. Paris, lan. ;si). The (ierraans attempted another big attack in the Somme region. The connnuniqrt' eays that twice opposite Dompierre German infantry were thrown hack by an artillery curtaiu of fire and rifle fusilade. I.onJon, Jan. 80, General Haig reports idernble artillery activity last night192 words
-
Article46 1916-02-01 5 LomiiM. K\". '■'>(), The Gazette says okural Wilhum W. Watson has '■-li appointed temporary Krigadier •r d while commaudiug an Indian I I uit L umlop. Jan. 30. —The Ga/ette an- IBQM Companions of tbe Bath, Lieut.l-. H C. Lowtber, >cots Guards, B. -,-ialJ, LondoauuM.46 words
-
Article127 1916-02-01 5 i k i .lan. 30. It i« authoritatively m d that the occupation of Kara- vis due to the fact r .hat a German Mbv trim recently, within a few miles of y -u'l loadittfl fco Salomk-i, torpedoed r>ii InuNfoH, proving it is necessary ai <127 words
-
Article20 1916-02-01 5 London, Jan. -50. A list hai been received of survivors of the Sara which ebows that only ten are missing.20 words
-
Article195 1916-02-01 5 WILSON GREATLY MOVED. New York, Jan. 30. President Wilson at Pittsburg said that the world was afire and sparks were likely to drop anywhere. If people could see the despatches he read hourly, Ihey would appreciate tbe difficulty of maintaining peace. The country must prepare, not for195 words
-
Article126 1916-02-01 5 Washington, Jan. 30. Mr Lansing denies that a time lituit baa been fixed on for Germany to disavow the Ltißitania crime. Washington, Jan. 80. President Wil bon is continuing hia preparedness campaign. He emphasised that the lack of American merchantmen, iu making the Tnited States dependent on126 words
-
Article97 1916-02-01 5 London, Jan. 30. The difficulties arising from the heavy freights and scarcity of shipping are becoming so acute in Italy especially in view of the closing of great works for lack of coal that Baron Mayor, lately ambassador at Washington, is going to London to discuss remedies.97 words
-
Article18 1916-02-01 5 London, Jan. 30. Mr Fisher of Australia has arrived in London as High Commissioner.18 words
-
Article30 1916-02-01 5 Copenhagen, Jan. 30. Two German destroyers are aground southeast of Salt holm. A German cruiser and trawlers are assisting. Later. The destroyers at Saltholm have been refloated.30 words
-
Obituary51 1916-02-01 5 London, Jan. 81. The death is announced of Sir Clements Markharu, K.C.8., the great traveller and writer on topogra phical subjects. Tbe introducer ot the quinine yielding cinchona into India. The King's equerry, Brigadier General Griruston.has been found iiead in a nursing home in London. He suffered from neu51 words
-
Article208 1916-02-01 5 The funeral of the late Mr. Chan Cheow Lye. chief clerk of the Singapore Chinese Protectorate, took place on Sunday morn ing, and it was largely attended. Among those present were Mr W. Peacock, Pro tector of Chinese, Mr J.Arthur, Assistant Protector, Mr 1). Beatty, and all the office staff,208 words
-
Article1422 1916-02-01 5 Dutch Consul Honoured by Chamber OF TOMMERCE. At the Singapore Club, last night, a dinner was given by the Singapore Chamber of Commerce and Exchange in honour of Ml- H. Spakler, Consul-General for the Netherlands, prior to bis departure, after his long spell in this Colony,1,422 words
-
Article448 1916-02-01 5 A very pleasant function took place on the Chinese Recreation Ground at Teluk Anson on Jan. 25th when the Chinese community of Teluk Anson presented Mr H. Chevallier, District Officer, Lower Perak, who i» about to retire, with an illuminated address in a beautifully engraved silver casket. A dock police448 words
-
Page 5 Advertisements
-
Advertisement257 1916-02-01 5 ROBINSON C 9 SAVAGE AUTOMATIC PISTOLS HAMMERLESS, AUTOMATIC A Powerful, Accurate and Rapid Fire Pistol SAVAGE 22 CALIBER HI-POWER FEATHERWEIGHT TAKEDOWN RIFLES W. D. H. O. WILLS, MU 1^ tul JLj A i^ JL# "EMBASSY" CIGARETTES Nt> AN Illustrated Pamphlet of Gold and Silver -EX Watches, Cigarette Cases, Thermos Flasks257 words
-
-
Page 6 Advertisements
-
Advertisement748 1916-02-01 6 Shipping »«ELLERMAN" LINE. For LONDON B.S. €< CITY OF COLOMBO due on or about Feb. 9 fLS. "KANSAS" due on or about Mar. 3 The above steamers have accommodation for a few first class passengers. Fare to London £36. For particulars as to rates of freight and passage applysto EMcALISTER748 words
-
Advertisement903 1916-02-01 6 S h I p pin g Km %Jm British India AND Apcar JLine Mail and Passenger Services. PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL SAILINGS. (Under Contract with His Majesty's Government.* For China, Japan, Penang, Ceylon Australia, India, Aden, Egypt, Mediterranean Ports and London. Steamers will leave Singapore on or about MAIL LINES. Homeward903 words
-
Advertisement539 1916-02-01 6 Shipping M. M. MESSAGERIES MARITIMES MAIL LINE. For CHINA, JAPAN CEYLON and MARSEILLES. HOMEWARD OUTWARD 1916 bs Porthcs Feb ft bb Atlant'que Jan SI ssCoidillere Feb 11 88 Ama zone Feb 14 88 Andre Lsbon Feb M 88 Atlantique Mar 10 ss Amazone Mar 24 For all particulars apply to539 words
-
Advertisement624 1916-02-01 6 Shipping N Y K JAPAN MAIL STEAMSHIP Co., Ltd. EUROPEAN LINE. A service ie maintained betwr«'n Yokohatni via t.orth to Marseilles, Londou. un.J< r tnti contract with the Imperial .iapai meut. The New Twin screw Kt<-aiutr» maintaining this service have tmea ape I designed and constructed, and ar. j with624 words
-
-
Article389 1916-02-01 7 Germans in the United States have devised fresh means of testing tbe Government's decision not to permit the U. S. A. mails to be employed for the purpose of forwarding contraband of war to Germany. They sent by the steamer Kristianiafjord 150 registered packages each389 words
-
Article230 1916-02-01 7 Salonika is now a veritable Torres Yedras. This is shown by a special despatch from Reuter's Correspondent in Macedonia. He writes While the AngloFrench troops retired onacareiully chosen position near Salonika, reinforcements in great numbers arrived in the town without cessation during the past week. The last arrivals230 words
-
Article226 1916-02-01 7 Valona, where the Italians are alleged to have landed a large force and is said to be the objective of a Bulgar force, is the Italian attempt bo pronouuce the proppr Greek name, Aviona, which means a hollow between hills. It is situated in the part226 words
-
Page 7 Advertisements
-
Advertisement314 1916-02-01 7 ALWAYS THE HBGHEST QUALITY m mmm Trie Enormous Stocks held by BUCHANAN Co. at their THE BORNEO CO., LTD. INCORPORATED IN ENGLAND. c*r\T TP TTV/rTDPI-prPTp-RQ Acute Kidney Disease. Gall Stones caused keen agony. Completely Cured at 82 by Dr, Casseil's Tablets, the World-Famous Remedy. Mr. de Grey, an old gentleman314 words
-
Advertisement518 1916-02-01 7 A BLESSING TO WOMEN. I Throughout the many stages of woman's life, from peevish girlhood through rfr^ifas womanhood, mothernood. to the oeclin- dk In^ y ears °f O 'Q a g e < there is no better, j *^T^ V milder, or more effective medical com- I /1\ panion to518 words
-
-
Article283 1916-02-01 8 Use of Japanese Names. The following important despatch has been received in Australia from the Trade Commissioner to the East respecting the probability of German firms in Japan trying to trade with Australia under Japanese names I have the honour to advise that his Brittanic Majesty's Ambassador, Tokio,283 words
-
Article171 1916-02-01 8 Sacbsen and Suevia at Manila. Manila, December 20. Following a re cent investigation into the nature of alleged transactions between the famous schooner Henry S. and some of the Ger man vessels lying in port, an order was issued yesterday by the Insular Collector of171 words
-
Article327 1916-02-01 8 The military operations against the Yunnan Movement, remarks the Peking Gazette/ 1 are likoly to re act upon officials in a peculiarly sensitive spot the^r pockets. A proposal has been made that part of the funds rpquirod for these operations should be raised by re introducing the retrenchment-policy of theDaily News - 327 words
-
Article329 1916-02-01 8 4000 UNDER CONSIDERATION. Mr H. R. Denison has offered his Eumar alia Estate of 7500 acres, near Gulgong. to the State Government, on terms to be agreed upon, for the purpose of providing farms for returned _oldiers. Mr Ashford, Minister for Land?, in announcing this factSydney Daily Telegraph - 329 words
-
Article73 1916-02-01 8 An official who had been invited to at tend a banquet at the Emperor's place at Peking recently, died while proceeding to the palace in a closed carriage. This is considered a misfortune of the first magnitude especially in the first days of the New Year. It was presumed that73 words
-
Page 8 Advertisements
-
Advertisement431 1916-02-01 8 rHHi InSLr \f a I IIM AIL JPSA ir ilk A \JH l VfilLl"^ Ipl iB J I yJ j £m^ t* t'^'iZ'^r i I i' r j i WP SINGAPORE FACTORY ONLY. 46 This Beverage is Special in every respect in quality— in its Manufacture— and in the unique431 words
-
Advertisement371 1916-02-01 8 MUSCULAR BACKACHE The muscles of the hack do the heavy w.,rk of the body When they are 9«trwotfced a ill nourished they acbe and poop < u o an looking for trouble begin to worry about theti ki«JD( ys. Backache may be doe to lumbago, wijich it. rheumatism of the371 words
-
-
Article34 1916-02-01 9 Jan. 81, 1916. Tbe following are the shares as tc which changes are notified in Messrs Fraser end Co.'s yesterday's sbare list RUBBER DOLLAR COMPANIES. Buyers Sellers Ayer Panas 7.75 8.2534 words
-
Article56 1916-02-01 9 Corrected up to Jan. 81.) Bank 4m a 2-4 19 82 demand 2-4J Private credits Bms ...2-4 29 32 France demand Bank 820 Ihoia, T. T. 17 HOBGKOHO, demaxd 16 J Yokohama, demard 11 li Java, demand ISO Babokok, demand M 65& 80V8BHIGN8, Bank Buying 88.54 Bank ol England56 words
-
Article145 1916-02-01 9 Jan. 81. Tin (150 tons^ $88.00 Gambler 16 sfl Gambler Cube No. 1 18.50 Oamftier Cuba No. 2 15.00 Pepper Black or din. S'pore 23 60 Pepper, (White fair) Muntok BG.SC Nutmegs (110 to tbe lb. noin. Natmegs (80 to tbe lb.i nora. Mace (Banda) 80.00 Cloves (Amboina) nom.145 words
-
Page 9 Advertisements
-
Advertisement577 1916-02-01 9 I War or Peace, Faminf or Plenty, Life Insurance is worth 100 cents on the dollar. WHAT OTHER PROPERTY ISP THE GREAT EASTERN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, LIMITED. HEAD OFFICE: Winchester House, Singapore. LONDON OFFICE: 32, Old Jewry. E.c. Tbe Company has £90,000 flevoslted with the Supveme Court of England, and577 words
-
Advertisement452 1916-02-01 9 SOUTH BRITISH I INSURANCE CO., LTD. jj (Incur f orated in New Zealand.) FIRE Insurances effected on Buildings, Rent I and Merchandise of every description. 1 MARINE Insurances accepted to all parts of I the world at lowest rates. EARTHQUAKE Risks accepted. j8 J. HENRY, Local Manager. I Offices 2,452 words
-
Advertisement293 1916-02-01 9 TYRTTSTCT TYRTNTTT 1 I CARLSBERG BEER! h*P XJ "D DCC HP TD Hr "C ID S Dfx \J Lj Jti Jtv. J\ J. Jtl. ,^S^^^^^%^2^jis7 5 Mn^^^/^^^W ACCORDING ml^^^V^ to thb latest vJS^^^^^^ METHODS WITH EVERY POSSIBLE CARE IN SANITARY RESPECTS. I CARLSBERG BEER IS DANISH BEER, BOLE IMPORTERS THE293 words
-
Advertisement64 1916-02-01 9 The Singapore and Straits Housekeeper's Day Book. Names of Articles in English with gfomrfirr ogmimlmi m Malag. Contains— Bazaar Account (52 weeks), Cook's Cash Account. Beef and Mutton Account, Dhobie's Account, Summary ot Monthly House Ex)x-iulitim-. Tablo loi CatettUting Wafai Due, Bazaar Weights and Measures, Fruits Indigenous to tiu^a|>ore, A(64 words
-
-
Page 9 Miscellaneous
-
Miscellaneous747 1916-02-01 9 LATEST ARRIVALS List of vessels in port tt 11 a.m. on Jan. 81, 1016. > Name Date of Arrival Bbitibh. Xatica Jan 27 Sri Muar Jan 29 Euryahi6 Kiiruaeiih h ulro li a a. ex j I Shinoti Anjou Jan 30 i Lady Weld Krian Tong Shing Jan II Batavier747 words
-
-
Article2843 1916-02-01 10 MEETING AT JOHORE. A meeting of the Planters' Association 1 of Malaya was held at the Club, Johore Bahru at 10 30 yesterday morning, when j the following gentlemen were present: Mr W. Duncan, (chairman), Mr EL C. E. Zacharias, (Secretary) and the following j delegates: Messrs H.2,843 words
-
Article135 1916-02-01 10 The P. and O. homaward mail tteamer Kashmir has left Hongkong and is due to arrive here at daylight on Wednesday, j the 2nd proximo. She sails at 8 a.m. on Friday, the 4th idem. The M.M. steamer Atlantique, with the French mail from Europe, is due to135 words
-
Article275 1916-02-01 10 Mr and Mts Oliver Mirks reached Penang Dy the Namur. Mrs Marks, who came from Home, joined her husband at Colombo. Mr H. T. Martta is transferred as A. D. O. to Kinta, and his pl.ee at Kuala Selangor is taken by Mr H. H. Stevens, of Batu Gajah. Invitations275 words
-
Article219 1916-02-01 10 I The annual meeting of this Bank was held on Saturday when the ninth annual report as below was adopted. The net profit for the year as shown by the Profit and Loss Account amounted to 9239,057.38, and from this has to be deducted $3,000 to219 words
-
Page 10 Advertisements
-
Advertisement299 1916-02-01 10 THE DISPENSARY'S HYGIENIC ANTISEPTIC DUSTING POWDER —^^^^^aj^ An Im P al P able Powder of Velvet like Softnr ss /^Q^Sno kcM^ and Pleas ant Fragrance. IDEAL FOR THE NURSERY I i^^P^f and contains nothing that will injure the most Jm^^^X^Jtil* delicate skins. ■'w jS*F &K'i V^^Ho&?% Invaluable for the Cure299 words
-
-
Page 10 Miscellaneous
-
Miscellaneous131 1916-02-01 10 S. V.C. DRILL PROGRAMME TO DAY. 5.15 p.m. Mount Palmer Maxim Co, N.C.Os. Drill Hall S. R. E. v. ■< n ii Veterans Co. Bias Basah Road Malay Co. j 4.00 Government House S.V.C. Band. 5.15 Drill Hall Cadet Co. Wednesday, 2nd February. 5.15 p.m. Drill Hall S. V. A.131 words
-