Franklin Charles Gimson



Singapore Infopedia

Background

Franklin Charles Gimson (Sir) (b. 10 September 1890, Barrow-upon-Soar, Leicestershire, England–d. 13 February 1975, Yorkshire, England)1 was Singapore's first postwar governor and commander-in-chief from 1946 to 1952. He was often associated with the rehabilitation of postwar Singapore, and the reconstitution of Singapore’s legislative bodies – including that of the Legislative Council, which represented a bold start in Singapore's journey towards self-government. Gimson also introduced the Income Tax Ordinance in 1947, a task that previous administrators had been unable to do, and which was a response to the wide-ranging welfare improvements planned for Singapore’s postwar rehabilitation.

Career in Ceylon and Hong Kong
Gimson was educated at Cheltenham Grammar School and in 1908, won a scholarship to study mathematics at Balliol College (1909–13),in Oxford, United Kingdom.He began his service with the Ceylon Civil Service as a cadet in 1914,3 and served in the army from 1918 to 1919.4 He rose steadily through the ranks until he was promoted to controller of labour in October 1938. In this role, he impressed his superiors with his conciliatory approach to workers’ grievances, a progressive response to the growing riots and popular protests that were troubling colonial governments. The mark Gimson made in labour welfare in Ceylon likely swayed the Colonial Office to send him to Hong Kong as the new colonial secretary in 1941. Gimson’s transfer went through despite not being grounded in the needs of a Chinese colony as his previous experience had been strictly confined to the Indian territories.5

On 6 December 1941, Gimson arrived in Hong Kong to assume his new appointment.6 He had only been in office for one day when the Japanese declared war on Hong Kong. Gimson was interned in Stanley Camp between March 1942 and August 1945.7 After Japan surrendered, Gimson swiftly re-established British sovereignty over Hong Kong to pre-empt the possible annexation of Hong Kong by the Nationalist Chinese during the power vacuum. Appointing himself acting governor, he speedily formed a provisional government while waiting for the Allied powers to arrive and reoccupy Hong Kong.8 He left for England for recuperation in September 1945 after passing the administration of Hong Kong to Brigadier D. M. MacDougall, who had been a member of the Hong Kong Civil Service before the war.9  

By November 1945, a fitter Gimson was keen to return to his colonial duties. His “splendid” track record in Ceylon, “conspicuous courage” during his Hong Kong internment and “spirited organisation” of a provisional British authority after Japan’s surrender made him a leading candidate for the governor of Singapore.10 On 29 January 1946, Gimson was appointed the governor and commander-in-chief of Singapore,11 and was installed on 3 April 1946.12                     

Reforms
Reconstitution of Legislative Council 

In April 1946, civil rule returned to Singapore.13 The island was administered as a separate Crown Colony after the Straits Settlements was disbanded and mainland Malaya came under the Malayan Union. The constitution set out in the Singapore Colony Order-in-Council of March 1946 essentially preserved the prewar governing structure in Singapore but with an expanded scope for representation. The constitution came under heavy criticism for its inadequate representation of local interests.14 

Gimson became the governor in April 1946. In addition to a temporary Advisory Council and an interim Municipal Commission, he also appointed two committees to look into the reconstitution of the Legislative Council and the local government. The Legislative Council Constitution Committee proposed to introduce popularly elected members into the legislature and to have 11 unofficial members, six of which were to be popularly elected, three to be elected each by the Singapore, Chinese and Indian chambers of commerce, and two to be nominated by the governor.15 Gimson endorsed the committee’s proposal and went further to recommend an unofficial majority in the Legislative Council.16

The Colonial Office in Britain approved all but two of the Committee’s proposals. The number of nominated non-officials was increased from two to four to protect minority interests.17 The approved membership of the Legislative Council was finally revealed in May 1947. The government was represented by four ex-officio members and five nominated officials, while the people were represented by four nominated unofficials, and nine elected unofficials, with three of the unofficials being chamber-of-commerce representatives and six being popularly elected members.18 This change was significant because, firstly, there was now an unofficial majority of 13 to nine official members in the legislature, and secondly, Singapore was to have its first elections.19 Singapore’s roadmap to self-government got off to a progressive start under Gimson’s administration when Singapore’s first election was held on 20 March 194820 and the new Legislative Council was inaugurated on 1 April 1948.21

Social welfare
Gimson’s term as governor was marked by welfare policies that not only aimed at relieving exceptional hardship after the war, but were necessary for shaping a democratic electorate.22 In June 1946, the Social Welfare Department was established and it first addressed the scarcity of food.23 Under Gimson’s leadership, the government began its communal feeding programme by setting up two restaurants – People’s Restaurant and Family Restaurant – to combat price inflation, counteract the black market and provide cheap but nutritious meals to the working class and the masses.24

The following year, a 10-year programme was initiated to provide six years of free and compulsory primary education in any of the four main languages to all school-age children. By 1948, all government and government-aided schools had been repaired. By 1950, the number of these schools had increased to 213 from 93 in 1946, while enrolment increased to 87,191 from 50,057 in 1946.25

To ensure adequate housing was available, the government increased the expenditure of the Singapore Improvement Trust from $4 million in 1948 to $8 million in 1950.26

Income Tax Ordinance
To support Singapore’s postwar welfare programmes, Gimson instituted the Income Tax Ordinance in 1947, overruling the decision of the advisory committee. This was the first and only time he exercised his reserved rights.27 Previous attempts at introducing the income tax in 1860, 1910 and 1921, had met with failure.28

Assassination attempt
An assassination attempt on Gimson marred an otherwise smooth and successful term for Gimson as governor. On 28 April 1950, a hand grenade was hurled at Gimson as he was leaving the Happy World Stadium just before midnight, after presenting prizes to the winners of the Singapore Amateur Boxing Association Championships. The grenade struck his leg and rolled about 6 ft away before exploding. The bomb turned out to be defective and no one was hurt.29

Honours
Gimson was knighted with a KCMG (Knight Commander) in June 1946 for his service during the war.30 He was conferred the title of the first honorary Freeman of the city on 14 March 1952. This was the highest honour bestowed by the City Council. A ceremony was held at Victoria Memorial Hall. A silver casket containing the scroll conferring the honour was presented to Gimson by the President of the City Council, Mr. T. P. F. McNeice.31 Gimson also received an honorary doctor of laws conferred on him by Mr Malcolm MacDonald at the fourth convocation of the University of Malaya in March 1952.32


Gimson was scheduled to leave Singapore on November 1951. However, the assassination of Sir Henry Gurney, the British High Commissioner to Malaya, in 1951 delayed his departure until his retirement in March of the following year.33 He eventually left for England on 20 March 1952.34

Retirement
Upon his retirement, Gimson and his wife, Dorothy, settled down in Applegath, Thornton-le-Dale in Yorkshire, England. He took on the directorship of the North Riding Red Cross, was active in the local branch of the United Nations, and gave talks on current affairs. Gimson also served as churchwarden of All Saints Church in Thornton-le-Dale for many years.

Death
Gimson suffered from heart failure and passed away in Applegarth at the age of 85. His wife, Dorothy, commissioned a plaque in his memory in the All Saints Church.35

Family

Wife: Margaret Dorothy Gimson36
Children: Margaret Gimson (eldest daughter),37 and Judith Annette Gimson (younger daughter).38
Siblings: Frederick (brother); Dora, Kathleen, Edna and Betty (sisters).39



References
1. K. R. Menon, ed., Who’s Who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947 (Singapore: Oriental Publishers, 1947), 64 (Call no. RCLOS 920.05957 WHO); “Sir Franklin Gimson Dies, 84,” Straits Times, 18 February 1975, 14. (From NewspaperSG)
2. Edward Hilliard, ed., The Balliol College Register, 1832–1914 (Oxford: Horace Hart, 1914), 121; Nicholas Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past: C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore (Singapore: NUS Press, 2012), 173. (Call no. RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
3. Geoffrey Charles Emerson, Hong Kong Internment, 1942–1945: Life in the Japanese Civilian Camp at Stanley (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008), 27. (Call no. R 940.53175125 EME-[WAR])
4. Franklin Charles Gimson, oral history project by Michael Roberts, 24 November 1965, transcript, University of Adelaide (Tape 131), 1; Menon, ed., Who’s Who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947, 64.
5. Tarling, Studying Singapore’s Past, 173–79.
6. Tarling, Studying Singapore’s Past, 179; Emerson, Hong Kong Internment, 10; Menon, ed., Who’s Who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947, 64.
7. Emerson, Hong Kong Internment, 6, 10–12.
8. Mark Felton, China Station: the British Military in the Middle Kingdom 1839-1997 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2013), 176 (Call no. R 951.033 FEL); Tarling, Studying Singapore’s Past, 185; “Governor, Leader & Friend,” Straits Times, 20 March 1952, 6. (From NewspaperSG)
9. Tarling, Studying Singapore’s Past, 186.
10. Tarling, Studying Singapore’s Past, 187–88.
11. “Governor-General Appointed,” Straits Times, 30 January 1946, 6. (From NewspaperSG)
12. “Full Attention to Development of Singapore Colony,” Straits Times, 4 April 1946, 36. (From NewspaperSG)
13. James Hartley Pulle, “The Management of Political Change: British Colonial Policy towards Singapore, 1942–1954,” (PhD thesis, University of London, 1991), 71
14. Kevin Tan Yew Lee, “The Evolution of Singapore’s Modern Constitution,” Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 1 (1989): 6–7.
15. Pulle, “Management of Political Change,” 71–72.
16. Pulle, “Management of Political Change,” 77.
17. Tan, “Evolution of Singapore’s Modern Constitution,” 7.
18. “General Elections for Singapore,” Straits Times, 15 March 1947, 6 (From NewspaperSG); Tan, “Evolution of Singapore’s Modern Constitution,” 7.
19. Tan, “Evolution of Singapore’s Modern Constitution,” 7.
20. “Singapore Goes to the Polls Today,” Straits Times, 20 March 1948, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
21. “Governor Opens the Council,” Singapore Free Press, 1 April 1948, 1 (From NewspaperSG); Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 192.
22. Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 190.
23. Social Welfare Department, Singapore, Annual Report 1947 (Singapore: Social Welfare Department, 1948), 1 (Call no. RCLOS 361.6 SIN-[GBH]); Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 190.
24. “Governor Eats & Likes 35-Cent Lunch,” Straits Times, 30 June 1947, 7; “Big Rush for 8-Cent Meals,’ Straits Times, 19 December 1946, 7 (From NewspaperSG); Ho Chi Tim, “Communal Feeding in Post-War Singapore,” BiblioAsia, (Oct–Dec 2013)
25. “Governor, Leader & Friend”; Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 190.
26. “Governor, Leader & Friend.”
27. “Governor, Leader & Friend.”
28. Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 191.
29. “Midnight Bomb Attack on Gimson,” Straits Times, 29 April 1950, 1 (From NewspaperSG); “Governor, Leader & Friend.”
30. “Governor of Singapore Made a Knight,” Straits Times, 13 June 1946, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
31. “Sir Franklin Is Made First Freeman of the City,” Singapore Free Press, 15 March 1952, 5. (From NewspaperSG)
32. “A Big Day for Sir Franklin,” Straits Times, 2 March 1952, 10. (From  NewspaperSG)
33. “Sir Franklin Gimson Agrees to Stay On,” Straits Times, 13 October 1951, 1 (From NewspaperSG); Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 197.
34. “It’s ‘Good-Bye’ Sir Franklin This Morning,” Straits Times, 20 March 1952, 1. (From NewspaperSG)
35. Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 199.
36. Menon, ed., Who’s Who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947, 64; Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 174.
37. “Gimson Is now a Grandfather,” Straits Times, 24 October 1951, 8 (From NewspaperSG); Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 174.
38. “Lady Gimson to See Daughter Wed,” Straits Times, 9 September 1950, 7. (From NewspaperSG)
39. Tarling, ed., Studying Singapore’s Past, 173.



Further resources
C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore: 1819–1988 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989), 225, 230, 236, 252. (Call no. RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])

 

Councillors ‘Lose a Just Man',” Straits Times, 19 March 1952, 5. (From NewspaperSG)

Councillors Sang 'for He's a Jolly Good Fellow',” Straits Times, 15 March 1952, 1, 7. (From NewspaperSG)

Gimson Names the Freedoms,” Straits Times, 15 March 1952, 1, 5. (From NewspaperSG)

Peer M. Akbur, Policing Singapore in the 19th & 20th Centuries (Singapore: Singapore Police Force, 2002), 62. (Call no. RSING 363.2095957 PEE)

Tommy Koh, et al., eds., Singapore: The Encyclopedia (Singapore: Editions Didier Millet and National Heritage Board, 2006), 213. (Call no. RSING 959.57003 SIN-[HIS])

 

 





1. Menon, K. R. (Ed.). (1948). Who's who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947. Singapore: Oriental Publishers, p. 64. (Call no.: RCLOS 920.05957 WHO); Sir Franklin Gimson dies, 84. (1975, February 18). The Straits Times, p. 14. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.

2. Hilliard, E. (Ed.). (1914). The Balliol College register, 1832–1914. Oxford: Horace Hart, p. 121. Retrieved from Internet Archive website: https://ia902604.us.archive.org/23/items/balliolcollegere01balluoft/balliolcollegere01balluoft_bw.pdf; Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 173. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
3. Emerson, G. C. (2008). Hong Kong internment, 1942–1945: Life in the Japanese civilian camp at Stanley. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, p. 27. (Call no.: R 940.53175125 EME-[WAR])
4. Roberts, M. (1965, November 24). Oral history project. Tape 131. Gimson, Sir Franklin. Includes Transcript, p. 1. Retrieved from University of Adelaide Library website: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/85083; Menon, K. R. (Ed.). (1948). Who’s who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947. Singapore: Oriental Publishers, p. 64. (Call no.: RCLOS 920.05957 WHO)
5. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, pp. 173-179. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
6. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 179. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS]); Emerson, G. C. (2008). Hong Kong internment, 1942–1945: Life in the Japanese civilian camp at Stanley. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, p. 10. (Call no.: R 940.53175125 EME-[WAR]); Menon, K. R. (Ed.). (1948). Who’s who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947. Singapore: Oriental Publishers, p. 64. (Call no.: RCLOS 920.05957 WHO)
7. Emerson, G. C. (2008). Hong Kong internment, 1942–1945: Life in the Japanese civilian camp at Stanley. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp. 6, 10-12. (Call no.: R 940.53175125 EME-[WAR])
8. Felton, M. (2013). China station: the British military in the Middle Kingdom 1839-1997. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, p. 176. (Call no.: R 951.033 FEL); Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 185. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS]); Governor, leader & friend. (1952, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
9. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 186. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
10. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, pp. 187–188. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
11. Governor-general appointed. (1946, January 30). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
12. Full attention to development of Singapore colony. (1946, April 4). The Straits Times, p. 36. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
13. Pulle, J. E. (1991). The management of political change: British colonial policy towards Singapore, 1942–1954 [doctoral thesis], p. 71. Retrieved from EThOS: UK E-Theses Online Service website: http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/theses/ethos
14. Tan, K. (1989). The evolution of Singapore’s modern constitution. Singapore Academy of Law Journal, pp. 6–7. Retrieved from Singapore Academy of Law website: https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF /
15. Pulle, J. E. (1991). The management of political change: British colonial policy towards Singapore, 1942–1954 [doctoral thesis], p. 71–72. Retrieved from EThOS: UK E-Theses Online Service website: http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/theses/ethos/
16. Pulle, J. E. (1991). The management of political change: British colonial policy towards Singapore, 1942–1954 [doctoral thesis], p. 77. Retrieved from EThOS: UK E-Theses Online Service website: http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/theses/ethos/
17. Tan, K. (1989). The evolution of Singapore’s modern constitution. Singapore Academy of Law Journal, p. 7. Retrieved from Singapore Academy of Law website: https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF
18. General elections for Singapore. (1947, May 15). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tan, K. (1989). The evolution of Singapore’s modern constitution. Singapore Academy of Law Journal, p. 7. Retrieved from Singapore Academy of Law Academy Publishing website: https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF
19. Tan, K. (1989). The evolution of Singapore’s modern constitution. Singapore Academy of Law Journal, p. 7. Retrieved from Singapore Academy of Law website: https://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF
20. Singapore goes to the polls today. (1948, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
21. Governor opens the council. (1948, April 1). The Singapore Free Press, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 192. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
22. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 190. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])

23. Social Welfare Department. (1948). Annual report 1947. Singapore: Social Welfare Department, p. 1. (Call no.: RCLOS 361.6 SIN-[GBH]); Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 190. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
24. Governor eats & likes 35-cent lunch. (1946, June 30). The Straits Times, p. 7; Big rush for 8-cent meals. (1946, December 19). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ho, C. T. (2013, October–December). Communal feeding in post-war Singapore. BiblioAsia9(3), p. 3. Retrieved from National Library Board website: https://www.nlb.gov.sg/Browse/BiblioAsia.aspx
25. Governor, leader & friend. (1952, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 190. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
26. Governor, leader & friend. (1952, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
27. Governor, leader & friend. (1952, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
28. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 191. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])

29. Midnight bomb attack on Gimson. (1950, April 29). The Straits Times, p. 1; Governor, leader & friend. (1952, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG
30. Governor of Singapore made a knight. (1946, June 13). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
31. Sir Franklin is made first Freeman of the city. (1952, March 15). The Singapore Free Press, p. 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
32. A big day for Sir Franklin. (1952, March 2). The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
33. Sir Franklin Gimson agrees to stay on. (1951, October 13). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 197. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
34. It’s ‘good-bye’ Sir Franklin this morning. (1952, March 20). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
35. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 199. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])

36. Menon, K. R. (Ed.). (1948). Who's who in Singapore and Malaya, 1947. Singapore: Oriental Publishers, p. 64. (Call no.: RCLOS 920.05957 WHO); Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 174. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
37. Gimson is now a grandfather. (1951, October 24). The Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 174. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])
38. Lady Gimson to see daughter wed. (1950, September 9). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
39. Tarling, N. (Ed.). (2012). Studying Singapore’s past: C.M. Turnbull and the history of modern Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 173. (Call no.: RSING 959.570072 STU-[HIS])



Further resources
Akbur, P. M. (2002). Policing Singapore in the 19th & 20th centuries. Singapore: Singapore Police Force, p. 62. (Call no.: RSING 363.2095957 PEE)


Councillors ‘lose a just man'. (1952, March 19). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.

Councillors sang 'for he's a jolly good fellow'. (1952, March 15). The Straits Times, pp. 1, 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.

Gimson names the freedoms. (1952, March 15). The Straits Times, pp. 1, 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.

Koh, T., et al. (Eds.). (2006). Singapore: The encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet in association with the National Heritage Board, p. 213.
(Call no.: RSING 959.57003 SIN-[HIS])
 
Turnbull, C. M. (1989). A history of Singapore: 1819–1988. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 225, 230, 236, 252.
(Call no.: RSING 959.57 TUR-[HIS])



The information in this article is valid as at May 2019 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources.  It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject.  Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic. 


 

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